Byron Ashley PARKER, Petitioner-Appellant,

                                                       v.
                                  Frederick J. HEAD, Respondent-Appellee.

                                                 No. 99-13558.

                                         United States Court of Appeals,

                                                Eleventh Circuit.
                                                March 15, 2001.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.(No. 96-03142-CV-RWS),
Richard W. Story, Judge.
Before EDMONDSON, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

        BARKETT, Circuit Judge:

        Byron Ashley Parker appeals the denial of his petition for habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
2254, following his conviction for murder and the imposition of the death penalty. On appeal, Parker argues
that he is entitled to relief because:

        1. His conviction and sentence were based upon inculpatory statements obtained after he had invoked
        his right to counsel, in violation of his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights.

        2. He was deprived of his Sixth and Eighth Amendment rights to due process and against cruel and
        unusual punishment by the improper comments of the prosecutor during closing argument.

        3. He was denied his Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process and a fair and
        impartial jury by the prejudicial comment of a prospective juror in the presence of other jurors.

        4. His trial counsel was ineffective and he was thus deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to
        effective assistance of counsel when his lawyer:

(a)     admitted to the jury that Parker was guilty of capital murder;
(b)     failed to obtain or present a competent mental health expert to testify during both phases of the trial;

(c)     made prejudicial reference to Parker's possible eligibility for parole if given a life sentence.

                                         PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        Parker was indicted for the murder, rape and kidnapping of eleven-year-old Christie Ann Griffith.
The kidnapping charge was dismissed prior to trial, and the jury found Parker guilty of murder and rape and

sentenced him to death. The jury found three statutory aggravating circumstances supporting imposition of

the death penalty under Georgia law: (1) the murder was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhumane
in that it involved torture, depravity of mind or an aggravated battery to the victim; (2) the murder was

committed during a rape; and (3) the murder was committed during a kidnapping with bodily injury. On
direct appeal, the Georgia Supreme Court reversed Parker's rape conviction and determined that the first two

statutory aggravating circumstances were invalid. Parker v. State, 

, 

, 576 (1986).

Nonetheless, the court affirmed his murder conviction and sentence, finding that the remaining aggravating

circumstance of kidnapping with bodily injury was sufficient to support the death penalty. 

Court denied certiorari as well as a request for rehearing. Parker v. Georgia, 

, 

,

, reh'g denied, 

, 

, 

(1987).

        On June 24, 1987, Parker filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus with the Superior Court of Butts

County, which was denied after an evidentiary hearing. The Georgia Supreme Court denied Parker's timely

application for a certificate of probable cause to appeal the state habeas court's judgment and ultimately

denied certiorari to review the state habeas court's denial of relief. Parker v. Zant, 

, 

, 

(1996). On November 15, 1996, Parker filed his petition for writ of habeas corpus in
federal court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, which was also denied. Parker appeals this denial.
                                          BACKGROUND FACTS

        On June 1, 1984, Christie Ann Griffith was reported missing from her home in Douglasville, Georgia.
During the ensuing investigation, the authorities learned that Parker, a resident of the trailer park where

Griffith lived, had been charged with, and acquitted of, the kidnapping and sexual battery of an eight year-old
girl in Florida in 1982. Accordingly, agents from the Georgia Bureau of Investigations and the Federal
Bureau of Investigations went to Parker's home to question him about the missing girl and his prior arrest
record.1 After a second visit, during which Parker signed consent forms to search his home and automobile,
the agents asked Parker and his wife to come to the Sheriff's Department for further questioning. Following

the interrogations, Parker was asked to take a polygraph examination, and he agreed to do so the next
morning.

        By the next morning, Parker had changed his mind and, instead of going to the FBI office for the

polygraph examination, called an attorney recommended by his wife's employer and arranged to meet him

later that day. When the authorities realized that Parker would not appear for the polygraph, they sought and
obtained arrest warrants alleging a violation of probation for failure to report to his probation officer and for

possession of marijuana which had been found during their search of Parker's car. Parker was arrested later


    1
     In addition to the Florida incident, Parker had pled guilty to "making terroristic threats" to two
women in Fulton County, Georgia, two weeks prior to the disappearance of Griffith, and had been
sentenced to five years probation.
that day at his place of employment. According to the testimony of Sheriff Lee and Parker's lawyer, the

following events then transpired. Upon again being asked to take a polygraph examination, Parker replied
that he wished to talk first with his attorney. Arrangements were made for Parker to speak with his attorney

at the offices of the FBI prior to the polygraph examination, and Parker did so. His attorney informed Parker

that he was not required to take the test and strenuously advised against doing so. However, Parker insisted
on taking the test, believing that if he declined to take it his probation would be revoked because of the

marijuana charge, and he indicated to his lawyer that he would pass the test. Parker's counsel did obtain the

agreement of the authorities that the polygraph test would be limited to the issue of Parker's knowledge of

the whereabouts of Christie Ann Griffith.
            Parker's attorney attempted to observe the polygraph but was not permitted to remain in the room and

left the building after the authorities indicated that the examination "might take some time." Before leaving,

however, Parker's attorney told Sheriff Lee that, whatever the outcome of the test, he wanted to know when
it was over and wanted Parker to contact him as soon as the examination had been completed.2 Following

the polygraph, the examiner told Sheriff Lee that he wanted to test Parker again the next day, in order to

render a complete opinion. He also expressed a belief that Parker knew the location of Christie Griffith's
body. Prior to leaving the FBI offices, Parker made a phone call to his attorney but was unable to reach him.
Parker then asked to spend the night at home, but this request was denied, and he was transported back to the

jail.
            After returning to the jail, Parker was again read his Miranda rights, and the interrogation concerning
the whereabouts of Christie Ann Griffith continued. Sheriff Lee testified that during the evening both he and

Parker again attempted to call Parker's lawyer, but no one answered at either his home or office. Conversely,

Parker's lawyer testified that after leaving Parker he had gone out to dinner but had returned home at

approximately 10:30 p.m. and had not received any calls or messages until the Sheriff called at 3:30 or 4:00
a.m. The interrogation of Parker continued past midnight, and shortly after midnight Parker stated that he had
killed Christie Ann Griffith, although he denied raping her, and he drew a map showing the location of the

body. After a search, the body was found, and both Sheriff Lee and Parker's lawyer agree that the Sheriff

then reached Parker's attorney at home between 3:30 a.m. and 4:30 a.m. and informed him that Parker had

made a statement admitting that he had killed Griffith. Counsel then told Sheriff Lee that he was no longer


        2
        Parker's attorney gave his home and office telephone numbers to Sheriff Lee and to Parker.
representing Parker.

        Parker was charged with murder and rape in connection with the death of Griffith and, at a
preliminary hearing before Judge Robert James of the Superior Court of Douglas County, Parker asserted his

right to counsel. For the next five days, the authorities continued to interrogate Parker in the absence of

counsel, up to and including the morning of June 13, just hours prior to the court hearing to appoint new

counsel for Parker.
                                               DISCUSSION

         Parker's request for federal habeas corpus relief is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended by
the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996). Under

amended § 2254(d), habeas relief from a state court judgment may not be granted with respect to a claim

adjudicated on the merits in state court unless the adjudication of the claim:
        (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly
        established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
        (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the
        evidence presented in the State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). In Williams v. Taylor, 

, 

, 

(2000), the

Supreme Court clarified the nature of habeas review as set out in Section 2254(d)(1). Writing for a majority
of the Court, Justice O'Connor explained that:
        Under the "contrary to" clause, a federal court may grant the writ if the state court arrives at a
        conclusion opposite to that reached by this Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a
        case differently than this Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts. Under the
        "unreasonable application" clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state court
        identifies the correct governing legal principle from this Court's decisions but unreasonably applies
        that principle to the facts of the prisoner's 

. The Supreme Court rejected the restrictive "reasonable jurist" standard adopted by this

court in Neelley v. Nagle, 

, 924-25 (11th Cir.1998), cert. denied, 

, 

,

(1999), and concluded that federal habeas relief would be available under the "unreasonable

application" standard only if the state court's application of clearly established federal law was "objectively

unreasonable." 

.

        As to findings of fact under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), federal courts determine whether the state court's

finding was based on "an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the

State court proceeding." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). A state court's determinations of fact shall be "presumed
to be correct," and the habeas petitioner "shall have the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness
by clear and convincing evidence." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). See Hauser ex rel. Crawford v. Moore, 

, 1323 (11th Cir.2000). However, the statutory presumption of correctness applies only to findings of

fact made by the state court, not to mixed determinations of law and fact. McBride v. Sharpe, 

,

971 (11th Cir.1994).
         As to the district court's findings of fact, they are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard.

Cunningham v. Zant, 

, 1011 (11th Cir.1991). Mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed

de novo, as are questions of law. Jacobs v. Singletary, 

, 1288 (11th Cir.1992). It is under this

framework that we review Parker's claims.

1.      Were Parker's rights under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments violated by the admission of evidence
        of statements obtained after Parker allegedly asked for assistance of counsel?

A.      Violation of the Fifth Amendment and the rule of Edwards v. Arizona
        Parker asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because his conviction was based on statements
obtained in violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment. Specifically, Parker contends that his

confession after returning to jail from the polygraph examination should have been suppressed because the

sheriff continued to interrogate him after he invoked his right to counsel. In Edwards v. Arizona, the Supreme

Court held that an accused, "having expressed his desire to deal with the police only through counsel, is not
subject to further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made available to him, unless the
accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police." 

,

484-85, 

, 

(1981).

        There is no question, as the Georgia Supreme Court found, that "[p]lainly, [Parker] invoked his right

to counsel prior to taking the polygraph examination." Parker v. 

. Likewise it is clear

that Parker, disregarding his lawyer's advice, voluntarily took the polygraph examination. 

Supreme Court ruled as follows:

        The real question here is whether Parker re-invoked his right to counsel after the completion of the
        examination. If he did, then further interrogation would be barred, unless initiated by Parker.
        It is undisputed that Parker and the sheriff tried to contact Parker's attorney after the completion of
        the examination, in compliance with the attorney's request. The question is whether Parker thereby
        expressed a desire to deal with the law enforcement officers only through counsel, and to remain free
        of further interrogation until he had an opportunity to talk with his attorney. We find that Parker did
        not unambiguously and unequivocally assert such a desire.

, 

(emphasis in original). Under Williams v. Taylor, we must defer

to the Georgia Supreme Court's conclusions unless we find that the state court adjudication of this claim was
contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined by the
Supreme 

. Specifically, we review to determine whether the Georgia Supreme

Court's ruling that Parker did not re-invoke his right to counsel—subsequent to expressly waiving his right

to remain silent after consultation with his lawyer—was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly

established federal law, as determined by the United States Supreme Court. 

        The Supreme Court has held that "when counsel is requested, interrogation must cease and officials
may not reinitiate interrogation without counsel present, whether or not the accused has consulted with his

attorney." Minnick v. Mississippi, 

, 

, 

(1990); Arizona v.

Roberson, 

, 

, 

(1988). The government does not contest the

applicable law. Rather the government argues that there is no record evidence factually supporting Parker's

argument that, after agreeing to answer questions at the polygraph examination regarding Christy Griffith's
disappearance, he reinvoked his right to counsel or his right to remain silent.

        The government accurately notes that throughout the history of this case the only evidence presented

regarding counsel and what attempts were made to request counsel, was the testimony of Sheriff Lee, Agent
Ingram, and Agent McGinnis. None of these witnesses testified that Parker ever requested counsel or asserted

his right to remain silent. On the contrary, each testified that Parker was advised of his Miranda rights on

several occasions and voluntarily continued to speak with the police officers and agents. Throughout all of
the state and federal proceedings, neither Parker3 nor anyone else has testified that Parker asked for counsel
after the polygraph4 or did not knowingly, freely, and voluntarily speak to the sheriff or the agents.
Nonetheless, Parker argues that Sheriff Lee's testimony that he as well as Parker tried to call Parker's lawyer

suffices to prove Parker's affirmative request for counsel. While it is arguable that the attempted calls could
have been the result of a request for counsel, any facts leading to the attempted calls are absent from the

record. Mindful that on habeas Parker has the burden to rebut by "clear and convincing evidence" the

presumption that a state court's fact findings are correct, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1), and given the absence

of clear and convincing evidence that Parker re-invoked his right to counsel, we cannot say that the Georgia


    3
     Although Parker submitted an affidavit in the state habeas corpus hearing, he did not refer to this
issue in the affidavit.
    4
     Although it could be argued that Parker executed only a limited waiver at the polygraph examination
because his lawyer and the authorities agreed to limit the questions to a specific subject matter, such an
argument is unavailing because the subject matter about which Parker agreed to respond to questioning
was the disappearance of Christy Griffith.
trial court's findings resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in

light of the evidence presented at trial, or that the Georgia Supreme Court's decision was contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.

B.      Violation of the Sixth Amendment and the rule of Michigan v. Jackson
        Parker additionally asserts that the admission of Parker's statements to police on June 13, 1984, which

provided support for the aggravating circumstance of kidnapping with bodily injury, violated his rights under

Michigan v. Jackson, 

, 

, 

(1986), as the statements were elicited

after adversarial judicial proceedings had been initiated and he had invoked his right to counsel.

        The Supreme Court has held that "if police initiate interrogation after a defendant's assertion, at an

arraignment or similar proceeding, of his right to counsel, any waiver of the defendant's right to counsel for

that police-initiated interrogation is invalid." 

. At his court hearing on June 8,

1984, Parker advised the state judge that he wanted the assistance of counsel and requested that one be

appointed for him. However, a new attorney for Parker was not appointed until June 13, and Sheriff Lee
questioned Parker "12 to 15 times" in the interim. Notwithstanding this apparent violation of the Sixth
Amendment, the state habeas court determined that this claim was procedurally barred because Parker failed

to raise it at the trial level or on direct appeal. The district court found that Parker's claim centering around

the June 8 hearing was not raised on direct appeal and was therefore barred under state law. Parker v. Turpin,

, 1367-68 (N.D.Ga.1999) (hereinafter Parker II ). Parker argues that his claim is not

procedurally barred as the Georgia Supreme Court specifically addressed it on the merits by expressly holding

that there was "no Sixth Amendment error." 

.

        Alternatively, Parker argues that, even if his claim is deemed defaulted, a procedural default can be
excused—and therefore a federal habeas court may address the merits of a defaulted claim—if either (1) there
was cause for, and prejudice from, the default; or (2) failure to entertain the claim would result in a

fundamental miscarriage of justice. Coleman v. Thompson, 

, 729-31, 

, 

(1991); Murray v. Carrier, 

, 485, 

, 

(1986);

Wainwright v. Sykes, 

, 87, 

, 

(1977). Such a fundamental miscarriage

of justice has been deemed to be the imposition of a death sentence upon an individual who, but for the

claimed violation, would not have been eligible for the death penalty under applicable law. Sawyer v.

Whitley, 

, 345-47, 

, 

(1992); 

, 

. Parker argues that if there is procedural default it should be excused, as the failure to entertain this

claim would result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice because without his improperly obtained statement
regarding the kidnapping with bodily injury he would not have been eligible for the death penalty. Parker

argues that the inculpatory statement made during the June 13 interrogation is the only evidence supporting

the one remaining statutory aggravating circumstance—kidnapping with bodily injury.

           It is unnecessary to decide whether or not Parker's Sixth Amendment claim was procedurally
defaulted because his claim is unavailing in either case. If it was not procedurally barred, we cannot say that

the Georgia Supreme Court's rejection of Parker's Sixth Amendment claim was contrary to, or an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Supreme Court precedent in light of Parker's earlier

confession and other evidence surrounding the rape and death of Griffith, which provided support for the

aggravating circumstance without the June 13th statement. For the same reason we cannot say that if his
claim were procedurally barred, failure to entertain the claim would result in a fundamental miscarriage of
justice.

2.         Prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments
           The reversal of a conviction or a sentence is warranted when improper comments by a prosecutor

have "so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction [or sentence] a denial of due

process." Darden v. Wainwright, 

, 181, 

, 

(1986) (quoting

Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 

, 643, 

, 

(1974)). Parker suggests that

such improper comments were made in this case and that the Georgia Supreme Court's determination that the

comments in question did not warrant reversal was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly
established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court. Parker asserts that the prosecutor injected

improper comments in two instances during closing argument: (1) urging the jury to penalize Parker for

exercising his constitutional rights by comparing Parker's rights to the "rights" he allegedly denied to his

victim; and (2) suggesting to the jury that mental illness could not be considered mitigating.
           Having reviewed the totality of the prosecutor's closing arguments, we cannot say that the Georgia

Supreme Court's determination that the prosecutor's comments raise "no improprieties so serious as to require

the reversal of this case in the absence of any timely objection to the state's argument" constitutes a decision
that was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.

3.         Was the jury tainted when 11 of 12 jurors heard a reference to Parker's involvement in a previous
           incident?
         Parker next asserts that he was denied his Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due

process and a fair and impartial jury when, in the presence of 11 of the 12 individuals who eventually served

on Parker's jury, one prospective juror stated that he had heard that Parker had been "released from a similar

situation somewhere"—allegedly a reference to Parker's prior acquittal on charges of choking and molesting
a young girl in the State of Florida. The relevant colloquy between defense counsel and the juror is as

follows:
Q:       Did you read anything in the Neighbor or the Constitution or the Journal about this case?

A:       Yeah.

Q:       Can you recall specifically what you remember?
A:       Not particularly. I can, you know, I have a vague recollection.

Q:       Can you tell me what that vague recollection is?
A:       Okay. I remember the little girl going missing. And then I remember being arrested, the, you know—
Q:       Mr. Parker?

A:       Mr. Parker, okay. And I remember that he had been released from a similar situation somewhere
         in—

Q:       All right. Now if you would stop there for a moment.
Parker claims that this information was misleading and inherently prejudicial, since it implied that he was a

repeat offender and the jury was not told he was acquitted of any wrongdoing in that incident.
           The Supreme Court has held that a defendant has the right to trial by an impartial jury and that, "[i]n
the constitutional sense, trial by jury in a criminal case necessarily implies at the very least that the 'evidence
developed' against a defendant shall come from the witness stand in a public courtroom where there is full

judicial protection of the defendant's right of confrontation, of cross-examination, and of counsel." Turner

v. Louisiana, 

, 472-73, 

, 

(1965). To safeguard a defendant's

constitutional rights, the exposure of a jury to extrinsic information has been "deemed presumptively

prejudicial." Remmer v. United States, 

, 229, 

, 

(1954).5 However, the

Supreme Court held that this presumption can be rebutted by demonstrating that the juror's exposure to the

information was "harmless to the defendant," and that a trial court "should determine the circumstances, the
impact thereof upon the juror, and whether or not it was prejudicial, in a hearing with all interested parties


     5
     The district court conceded that the "information may have resulted in some prejudice because such
information would have been inadmissible at trial." Parker 

.
permitted to participate." 

.6

             In this case the Georgia Supreme Court found no prejudice because of the remedial action taken by

the trial court, including specifically questioning jurors to ensure that none of them were influenced by the
venireman's comments and appropriately instructing the jury. Based on the record before us, we cannot say

that the state court's adjudication of this claim was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly

established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.

4.       Ineffective assistance of counsel claims

             Under Strickland v. Washington, 

, 

, 

(1984), a habeas

petitioner is entitled to relief when counsel's performance falls below an objective standard of reasonableness,

and there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors and omissions, the result of the proceedings

would have been different. 

. Parker argues that his counsel rendered ineffective

assistance of counsel in three different circumstances during the trial: (1) counsel unreasonably told the jury
in argument that Parker was guilty of murder; (2) counsel unreasonably failed to obtain and present a

competent mental health expert at both phases; and (3) counsel unreasonably injected parole eligibility into
the trial.

A.       Defense counsel's statements conceding Parker's guilt
             The state habeas court concluded that the evidence failed to support Parker's claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel, given counsel's testimony that the concession during opening statement and closing

argument was a strategic decision made in consultation with Parker and in light of Parker's admissible
confession, in order to maintain credibility with the jury for sentencing purposes. Additionally, the district
court concluded that Parker had not shown actual prejudice from counsel's arguments, in that he had not

established a reasonably probability that, "in light of the overwhelming evidence against Parker including his



     6
      In a subsequent case, the Supreme Court noted that "the remedy for allegations of juror partiality is a
hearing in which the defendant has the opportunity to prove actual bias." Smith v. Phillips, 

,
215, 

, 

(1982). The Sixth and Ninth circuits have held, at least in part, that
Phillips abandoned Remmer 's presumption of prejudice. See United States v. Sturman, 

,
1478 (6th Cir.1991) cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1992); United States v.
Madrid, 

, 1093 (9th Cir.) cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1988). Other circuits have rejected this theory. See Stockton v. Virginia, 

, 744 (4th
Cir.1988), cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1989); United States v. Butler,

, 1195 n. 2 (D.C.Cir.1987) (listing the Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth
Circuits as continuing to apply Remmer ). We need not decide that issue here, because even assuming
Remmer 's presumption of prejudice still applies, we cannot say that habeas relief was improperly denied
in this case.
confession," the result of the proceedings would have been different had counsel not conceded Parker's guilt.

On the evidence presented to the state court, we cannot say that the state court's decision was contrary to, or

an unreasonable application of, the Strickland standard, or that the district court erred in concluding that

Parker failed to show the prejudice required under Strickland.

B.       Defense counsel's failure to obtain and present competent mental health expert
         We likewise find that, on the record before the state habeas court, it cannot be said that the state

court's conclusion that the evidence failed to support Parker's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for
failure to obtain and present a competent mental health expert at both phases of the trial was contrary to, or

an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court. Upon

a review of the record, we agree with the district court that Parker has failed to demonstrate the prejudice

required under Strickland to support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

C.       Defense counsel unreasonably injected parole eligibility into the trial
          Finally, Parker claims that defense counsel improperly injected the topic of Parker's possible
eligibility for parole into the jury's sentencing deliberations. Defense counsel on direct examination had
sought to elicit testimony that a person like Parker would not be paroled for at least 40 years if given a life

sentence instead of the death penalty. While the witness testified to this, he also testified, on both direct and
cross-examination, that in Georgia a person given a life sentence is eligible for, but would not necessarily be
granted, parole after serving seven years. The state habeas court found no constitutional error. Upon a review

of the record, we cannot say that Parker has produced sufficient evidence to demonstrate that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel's actions in this regard, the result of the proceedings would have

been different. 

, 

. Accordingly, as Parker has not established that

he was prejudiced by counsel's errors, we cannot find that the state court's adjudication of this claim was

contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme
Court.

         Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, the district court's denial of Parker's petition for writ

of habeas corpus is
         AFFIRMED.